Another headachy and shaky day, but I feel pretty good about it. I need to get a little work done to get the chart together for tonight, so let's jump right into the subject matter.
Since these names are going to come up off and on throughout Kings, let me clarify as best as I can just a few of the Canaanite deities. Whenever you have a pantheon, there is going to be some confusion because gods and goddesses will have multiple names, and because their identities are often interchanged in the mythologies. In the case of the Canaanite gods, there is the additiional complication that ---well, we have a choice in how to understand this:
Option 1: the different ethnic groups (Ammonites, Moabites, Phoenicians, etc.) gave the common deities different names and altered their relationships somewhat;
Option 2: the different ethnic groups had their own deities whose identities merged to some extent as the contact among the groups increased.
Either way, we have to be careful in being too dogmatic in making pronouncements concerning them. And, just to warn you, keeping track of the names of the goddesses can lead you to prefer memorizing a page out of the phone book instead.
|
| El Elyon (the "highest El"), a name used to apply to whatever god is most significant in a particular culture | El (the Semitic version of the God of original monotheism). | Asherah, often referred to by the plural Ashtaroth. "Wife" or "consort" of El (at times) |
|
|
| ||
|
|
| El and Asherah gave birth to 70 children, including: |
|
| ||||
| Ashtareth (not to be confused with Ashtaroth), a goddess of love and sexual desire. Phoenician version: Astarte. | Baal. Not so much a proper name as a designation meaning "Lord." Sometimes, e.g. in Babylon, the word becomes "Bel." In this way, it is at times applied to Marduk, but "Bel" can also apply to other gods (cf. the Cyrus cylinder). | Chemosh. Baal's proper name among the Moabites. | Asherah (pl.: Ashtaroth) is often depicted as the wife of the Baal. (I told you that this would become confusing.) | Milcam. Proper name of Baal among the Ammonites. Also referred to as Moloch, Molech, Malach. | Anath. A fierce goddess of war. | |||
So, Solomon, the man known for his wisdom, gave in to a chain of temptations. First, he married several hundred pagan women who worshipped these false gods. Second, he placated them by building them places of idolatrous worship. Third, he couldn't resist and eventually committed acts of pagan worship himself.
What I see here is three factors coming together. First, Solomon was obviously driven by his love for his wives. Whether you want to ascribe it to romance or glands, I'll let you decide. Personally, I cannot place myself in Solomon's slippers in this regard. Second, I'm suspecting a good dose of intellectual arrogance. These gods aren't real, so what's the harm in going through a few meaningless ceremonies? Third, there's simply the pressure, which I can't describe, but which is very real whenever one is in the company of idolatry. One does not wish to appear closed-minded; one does not want to look judgmental.
There seem to be two classes of evangelical scholars engaged in the study of non-Christian religions: those whose approach is totally negative and who don't do much more than recount all the flaws they find in the other religions, and those who have given in somewhere along the line and are subscribing to some form of inclusivism. I find this to be extremely sad. However, I believe that the very small group of those of us who are immersed in studying non-Christian religions and are maintaining a biblical exclusivism is increasing. ISCA has become a good forum for this effort, and I believe that by God's grace the more accessible mutual support is, the easier it will become to do serious scholarship, maintain Christian orthodoxy, and provide a proper grounding for sensitive evangelism.